Diabetes is a common disease, yet every individual needs unique care. We encourage people with diabetes and their families to learn as much as possible about the latest medical therapies and approaches, as well as healthy lifestyle choices. Good communication with a team of experts can help you feel in control and respond to changing needs.
The major goal in treating type 1 and type 2 diabetes is to control blood sugar (glucose) levels within the normal range, with minimal excursions to low or high levels.
Type 1 diabetes is treated with:
insulin, exercise, and a type 1 diabetes diet.
Type 2 diabetes is treated:
First with weight reduction, a type 2 diabetes diet and exercise.
Diabetes medications (oral or injected) are prescribed when these measures fail to control the elevated blood sugars of type 2 diabetes.
If other medications become ineffective treatment with insulin may be initiated.
Type 2 Diabetes Diet
A type 2 diabetes diet is based on eating foods low on the glycemic index, for example:
Fruits
Vegetables
Whole wheat
Brown rice
Steel-cut oatmeal
Beans
Lentils
Read more about a type 2 diabetes meal plan »
Medications for type 2 diabetes
Note that these medications used to treat type 2 diabetes are typically not used in pregnant or breastfeeding women. At present the only recommended way of controlling diabetes in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding is by diet, exercise, and insulin therapy. You should speak with your health-care professional if you are taking these medications, are considering becoming pregnant, or if you have become pregnant while taking these medications.
Medications for type 2 diabetes are designed to increase insulin output by the pancreas, decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver,
increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin, decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, and slow emptying of the stomach, thereby delaying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
A preferred drug can provide more than one benefit (for example, lower blood sugar and control cholesterol). Varying combinations of medications can control diabetes. Not every patient with type 2 diabetes will benefit from every drug, and not every drug is suitable for each patient.
The medications for type 2 diabetes fall into specific classes based upon the way they work to achieve control of blood sugar. These drug classes include:
Diabetes Diet
Proper nutrition is essential for all people with diabetes. Control of blood glucose levels is only one goal of a healthy eating plan. A diabetic diet helps achieve and maintain a normal body weight, while preventing the common cardiac and vascular complications of diabetes.
There is no prescribed diet plan for diabetes and no single “diabetes diet”. Eating plans are tailored to fit each individual’s needs, schedules, and eating habits. Each diabetes diet plan must be balanced with the intake of insulin and other diabetes medications. In general, the principles of a healthy diabetes diet are the same for everyone. Consumption of various foods in a healthy diet includes whole grains, fruits, non-fat dairy products, beans, lean meats, vegetarian substitutes, poultry, or fish.
People with diabetes may benefit from eating small meals throughout the day, instead of eating one or two heavy meals. No foods are absolutely forbidden for people with diabetes. Attention to portion control and advance meal planning can help people with diabetes enjoy the same meals as everyone else.
Glycemic index and glycemic load are further considerations in considering a meal plan for people with diabetes. Foods with low glycemic index and load raise blood sugar more slowly than high glycemic index/load foods. Glycemic index refers to a standardized measurement, while glycemic load takes a typical portion size into account.
Meal timing and amount of insulin administration are considerations when planning a diet for people with type 1 diabetes.
Weight reduction and exercise
Weight reduction and exercise are important treatments for type 2 diabetes. Weight reduction and exercise increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin, thus helping to control blood sugar elevations.
Metformin
Metformin is a biguanide drug that increases the sensitivity of the body’s cells to insulin. It also decreases the amount of glucose produced by the liver.. In 1994, the FDA approved the use of the biguanide called metformin (Glucophage) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Today, this is still typically the first drug prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
In addition, metformin tends to suppress appetite, which may benefit people who are overweight.
Metformin often does not reduce blood glucose enough on its own and may be given with other medications such as other oral drugs or insulin.
Possible side effects of metformin include nausea and diarrhea. These usually resolve over time.
Sulfonylureas
Medications that increase insulin output by the pancreas belong to the class of drugs called sulfonylureas. Older generations of these drugs include chlorpropamide (Diabinese) and tolbutamide were abandoned due to association with higher risk of cardiovascular events.
The newer sulfonylurea drugs include glyburide (DiaBeta), glipizide (Glucotrol), and glimepiride (Amaryl).
These drugs rapidly lower blood sugar, but can cause abnormally low blood sugar (called hypoglycemia). In addition, sulfonylureas contain sulfa and should be avoided by those who are allergic to sulfa. Weight gain is a possible side effect of the sulfonylurea drugs.
Meglitinides
Like the sulfonylureas, meglitinides is a class of drugs that work by promoting insulin secretion from the pancreas. Unlike the sulfonylureas, which last longer in the body, repaglinide (Prandin) and nateglinide (Starlix) are very short acting, with peak effects within one hour. For this reason, they are given up to three times a day just before meals.
Since these drugs increase circulating insulin levels they may cause hypoglycemia. Weight gain is also a possible side effect.
Thiazolidinediones
Thiazolidinedione drugs lower blood glucose by increasing the sensitivity of the cells to insulin (improving target cell response to insulin). Examples include pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Avandia)
These drugs have been linked to serious side effects like an increased risk of heart failure and bone fractures. Weight gain is another possible side effect. These medications are not usually given as a first-line treatment but may be helpful for some people.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Drugs of this class decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine. Before being absorbed into the bloodstream, enzymes in the small intestine must break down carbohydrates into smaller sugar particles, such as glucose. One of the enzymes involved in breaking down carbohydrates is called alpha-glucosidase. By inhibiting this enzyme, carbohydrates are not broken down as efficiently, and glucose absorption is delayed.
The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors available in the U.S. are acarbose (Precose) and miglitol (Lexicomp). These drugs have gastrointestinal side effects such as abdominal pain, dairrhea, and gas.
SGLT2 inhibitors
These are a relatively new class of drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes. They are oral medications that work by blocking the kidneys’ reabsorption of glucose, leading to increased glucose excretion and reduction of blood sugar levels. The US FDA approved the SGLT2 inhibitors canagliflozin (Invokana) in March 2013 and dapagliflozin (Farxiga) in January 2014.
Side effects are similar for these drugs and include vaginal yeast infection and urinary tract infection. Each of these drugs has been used as a single therapy and in combination with other drugs such as metformin, sulfonylurea, pioglitazone, and insulin.
DPP-4 inhibitors
Incretin is a natural hormone that tells the body to release insulin after eating. An enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) removes incretin from your body. Stopping (inhibiting) DPP-4 helps the incretin that is in the body to stay there longer. This triggers insulin to be released, which lowers blood sugar.
In 2006, the FDA approved the first drug in this class called sitagliptin (Januvia). Other members of this drug class are saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), and alogliptin (Nusina).
Side effects of the DPP-4 inhibitors include symptoms of respirtaory and urinary tract infections. They are not associated with weight gain.
GLP-1 receptor agonists
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is an incretin, a hormone that signals the body to release insulin after eating. A GLP-1 agonist drug works in a similar manner to DPP-4 inhibitors, by stimulating action of the incretin GLP-1. GLP-1 agonists are also known as incretin mimetics. Their effects are stronger than those of the DPP-4 inhibitors.
Exenatide (Byetta) was the first drug of the GLP-1 agonist group. It originated from an interesting source, the saliva of the Gila monster. Scientists observed that this small lizard could go a long time without eating. They discovered a substance in its saliva that slowed stomach emptying, thus making the lizard feel fuller for a longer time. This substance resembled the hormone GLP-1.
Other drugs in this class have since been developed. They include liraglutide (Victoza), long-acting exenatide (Bydureon), albiglutide (Tanzeum), and dulaglutide (Trulicity).
These drugs slow stomach emptying and slows the release of glucose from the liver, thereby regulating delivery of nutrients to the intestine for absorption. They may also work in the brain to regulate hunger and are therefore associated with weight loss.
GLP-1 receptor agonists are often associated with some weight loss. This class of medications is not used alone but rather in combination with other drugs. Possible side effects include nausea and an increased risk of pancreatitis.
Pramlintide (Symlin)
Pramlintide (Symlin) was the first in a class of injectable, anti-hyperglycemic medications for use in addition to insulin for type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of human amylin, a naturally occurring hormone made by the pancreas to help control glucose after meals. Similar to insulin, amylin is absent or deficient in person with diabetes.
Pramlintide used with insulin reduces post-meal blood sugar peaks, reduces glucose fluctuations throughout the day, enhances satiety (the sensation of fullness) leading to potential weight loss, and lowers mealtime insulin requirements.
Pramlintide is administered by injection just prior to meals (three times each day) for type 1 diabetes as an additional treatment to mealtime insulin therapy for those failing to achieve desired glucose control despite optimal insulin therapy and type 2 diabetes as an additional treatment to mealtime insulin therapy for those failing to achieve desired glucose control with optimal insulin therapy.
Pramlintide with insulin has been associated with an increased risk of insulin-induced severe hypoglycemia, particularly in type 1 diabetes. This severe hypoglycemia occurs within 3 hours of injecting pramlintide. Nausea is another possible side effect.
Combination medications for type 2 diabetes
Glyburide/metformin (Glucovance), rosiglitazone/metformin (Avandamet), glipizide/metformin (Metaglip), pioglitazone/metformin (Actoplusmet), and metformin/sitagliptin (Janumet) are five examples of combination pills on the market to treat type 2 diabetes. There are many, many more combination pills available.
These combination drugs carry the benefit of taking fewer pills, which hopefully improves compliance. While they work well, most health-care professionals initiate individual medications to optimize dosing, before switching to a combination pill once the patient has been stable on individual medications for a while.
Treatment of diabetes with insulin
Insulin remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes. Insulin is also important therapy for type 2 diabetes when blood glucose levels cannot be controlled by diet, weight loss, exercise, and oral medications.
Ideally, insulin should be administered in a manner that mimics the natural pattern of insulin secretion by a healthy pancreas. However, the complex pattern of natural insulin secretion is difficult to duplicate. Still, adequate blood glucose control can be achieved with careful attention to diet, regular exercise, home blood glucose monitoring, and multiple insulin injections throughout the day..
Various formulations of insulin differ in the pharmacokinetics, i.e., the amount of time until they begin to work and the duration of their action after injection. These different insulins allow for more tailored regimens to optimize blood sugar control. The types of insulin currently available are:
Rapid-acting insulin begins to take effect 5 minutes after administration. Peak effect occurs in about 1 hour, and the effect lasts for 2 to 4 hours. Examples are insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine.
Regular insulin takes effect within 30 minutes, peaks at 2 to 3 hours after injection, and lasts 3 to 6 hours total.
Intermediate-acting insulin typically begins to lower blood glucose about 2 to 4 hours after injection, peaks 4 to 12 hours later, and lasts about 12 to 18 hours.
Long-acting insulin takes effect within 6 to 10 hours. It is usually lasts for 20 to 24 hours. The long-acting insulin analogues include glargine and detemir. They lower glucose levels fairly evenly over a 24-hour period (without major peaks or troughs).
Different methods of delivering insulin
Not only is the variety of insulin preparations growing, so are the methods for administering insulin.
Pre-filled insulin pens
In the twentieth century, insulin was available only in an injectable form that required carrying syringes, needles, vials of insulin, and alcohol swabs. Clearly, patients found it difficult to take multiple shots each day; as a result, good blood sugar control was often difficult. Many pharmaceutical companies now offer discreet and convenient methods for delivering insulin.
Many manufacturers offer pen delivery systems. Such systems resemble the ink cartridge in a fountain pen. A small, pen-sized device holds an insulin cartridge (usually containing 300 units). Cartridges are available for the most widely used insulin formulations. The amount of insulin to be injected is dialed in, by turning the bottom of the pen until the required number of units is seen in the dose-viewing window. The tip of the pen consists of a needle that is replaced with each injection. A release mechanism allows the needle to penetrate just under the skin and deliver the required amount of insulin.
Insulin pumps
An insulin pump is composed of a reservoir similar to that of an insulin cartridge, a battery-operated pump, and a computer chip that allows the user to control the exact amount of insulin being delivered. The pump is attached to a thin plastic tube (an infusion set) that has a cannula (like a needle but soft) at the end through which insulin passes. This cannula is inserted under the skin, usually on the abdomen.. The pump continuously delivers insulin, 24 hours a day. The amount of insulin is programmed and is administered at a constant rate (basal rate). Often, the amount of insulin needed over the course of 24 hours varies, depending on factors like exercise, activity level, and sleep. The insulin pump allows the user to program many different basal rates to allow for variations in lifestyle. The user can also program the pump to deliver additional insulin during meals, covering the excess demands for insulin caused by eating carbohydrates.
The most exciting innovation in pump technology has been the ability to combine the pump in tandem with newer glucose sensing technology. This is called sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy.
A newer option involves devices that use sensors that communicate directly with the insulin pump. One device is approved by the FDA that is a hybrid system (not fully automated), in which the basal insulin doses are automatically adjusted depending on results from the sensor. Users need to manually request insulin doses prior to meals.
Alternative treatments for diabetes
There have been some small, limited studies as well as anecdotal reports that certain alternative or “natural” treatments can help control blood glucose levels in people with diabetes or otherwise prevent the condition or prevent its complications. These can include herbs or dietary supplements. Examples include garlic, cinnamon, alpha-lipoic acid, aloe vera, chromium, ginseng, and magnesium.
These substances are not considered to be medications by the US FDA and are therefore not regulated as such. This means that there are no standards in place to ensure that a given product contains the substance or dose as described on the label. There are also no requirements to perform studies showing that the products are safe or effective. Side effects of supplements are typically not well understood, and some supplements can interfere with the action of medications.
The American Diabetes Association publishes treatment guidelines for physicians based on all available scientific evidence. In the 2018 guidelines document, Standard of Medical Care in Diabetes, the ADA states that there is not sufficient evidence to support the use of any of the proposed alternative treatments for diabetes. These guidelines state that:
There continues to be no clear evidence of benefit from herbal or nonherbal (for example, vitamin or mineral) supplementation for people with diabetes without underlying deficiencies.
Routine supplementation with antioxidants, such as vitamins E and C and carotene, is not advised due to lack of evidence of efficacy and concern related to long-term safety.
There is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbals and micronutrients, such as cinnamon and vitamin D, to improve glycemic control in people with diabetes
Which specialties of doctors treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Endocrinologists are the specialists in endocrine disorders such as diabetes and as such, manage many patients with diabetes. Primary care specialists, including internists and family practice specialists, may also treat patients with diabetes.
Source-https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_treatment/article.htm
Diabetes and Sleep Disorders
Last updated July 21, 2019
Research has found a strong connection between diabetes and sleep issues. Diabetics often suffer from sleep loss. And sleep loss can increase the likelihood of developing diabetes and exacerbate the symptoms for someone already dealing with the disease.
Diabetes is a group of diseases in which the body is unable to properly produce and/or respond to insulin, resulting in too much sugar in the blood and urine. More than 30 million American adults have a form of diabetes and another 84.1 million are living with prediabetes – a condition that, without proper treatment, often leads to the development of Type 2 diabetes within five years.
Read on to learn more about the relationship between sleep, developing diabetes, and improving sleep with the disease.
Sleep Issues and Developing Diabetes
Researchers have discovered many links between poor sleep and the development of onset, or Type 2, diabetes.
- Across the board, studies have shown that people who are considered “short sleepers” (those who sleep less than 5 hours a night) have an increased risk of developing diabetes. And these short sleepers also tend to have a lower than average glucose tolerance, even if they haven’t been diagnosed with or previously shown other symptoms of diabetes.
Other studies have linked a lack of sleep to insulin resistance – another common precursor to Type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body’s cells do not respond normally to insulin.
- A case study presented at a meeting of the American Diabetes Society found that healthy young people who regularly slept for less than 6.5 hours a night had a higher occurrence of insulin resistance. By contrast, people who got more than 7.5 hours of sleep had a lower occurrence of insulin resistance.
A lack of sleep has also been connected to obesity – a condition which has been linked to the development and increased severity of diabetes.
- Researchers have shown that a lack of sleep can impair glucose metabolism and affect appetite regulation, making it more difficult for your body to control hunger or recognize satiation. In addition, the exhaustion someone feels when sleep deprived makes it difficult to exercise and control weight gain. Getting more than 7 hours of sleep a night is a key factor in preventing obesity and therefore containing the risk of developing diabetes.
Sleep Issues with Diabetes
Diabetics often struggle with a variety of sleeping problems. People will diabetes have a slightly higher reported rate of insomnia. That’s to be expected, as diabetes symptoms can make it more difficult to sleep and a lack of sleep can worsen diabetes symptoms.
Unregulated blood sugar and imbalanced hormone levels can make a good night’s sleep seem elusive. Having high blood sugar levels during the day often makes it difficult for the body to sleep effectively at night. And being tired makes it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar.
Those dealing with diabetes are also faced with a number of issues that can affect their comfort, especially while trying to sleep.
- Increased levels of blood sugar can cause neuropathic pain, which is an uncomfortable tingling or burning the fingers, toes, hands, and feet.
- Restless Leg Syndrome (RSL) affects a higher percentage of people with diabetes, another contributing factor to disrupted sleep.
- Apnea is another frequent cause of concern among diabetic sleepers. A wide variety of people struggle with sleep apnea – a serious disorder in which a person’s breathing is interrupted during sleep. Diabetics, especially those who are obese, are more prone to experience its symptoms.
Managing Sleep Issues with Diabetes
There is an undeniable link between poor sleep and diabetes, as one tends to both aggravate and intensify the other. But managing to improve one also tends to make it easier to manage the other.
Eating correctly and properly maintaining blood sugar levels throughout the day makes it easier for the body to maintain the necessary levels throughout the night, often resulting in better sleep quality. Maintaining proper blood sugar levels can also reduce the symptoms of neuropathy and RLS.
In turn, more and higher quality sleep has been shown to decrease glucose levels and make diabetes symptoms easier to manage.
Additional Resources
For more information about dealing with diabetes and managing the sleep problems associated with the disease, please visiting the following resources:
On the Web
The American Diabetes Association: The ADA is devoted to diabetes education, advocacy, and research. The organization’s website provides practical information as well as active message boards for adults with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Self Management: This comprehensive site encompasses a wide-range of issues related to diabetes, from sleep management to nutrition and exercise.
Defeat Diabetes Foundation: This unique site, founded by a senior citizen, marathon runner who is also an insulin-dependent diabetic, emphasizes that people with diabetes are neither “helpless nor hopeless.” The site has a strong focus on self-care.
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: The nation’s largest organization of nutrition and food experts offers recipes, healthy eating tips and helpful advice for the general public, but the site also features many articles specifically related to diabetes and nutrition.
Source: https://www.tuck.com/